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Light-in-flight imaging
Light-in-flight imaging — a set of techniques to visualize propagation of light through different media.
== History and techniques ==
Light was first captured in its flight by N. Abramson in 1978,〔Abramson, N. Light-in-flight recording by holography. Opt. Lett. 3, 121–123 (1978).〕 who used a holographic technique to record the wavefront of a pulse propagating and being scattered by a white-painted screen placed in its path. This high-speed recording technique allowed the dynamic observation of light phenomena like reflection, interference and focusing that are normally observed statically.〔Abramson, N. Light-in-flight recording: high-speed holographic motion pictures of ultrafast phenomena. Appl. Opt. 22, 215–232 (1983).〕〔Abramson, N. H. & Spears, K. G. Single pulse light-in-flight recording by holography. Appl. Opt. 28, 1834–1841 (1989).〕 More recently, light-in-flight holography has been performed in a scattering medium rather than using a reflective screen.〔Häusler, G., Herrmann, J. M., Kummer, R. & Lindner, M. W. Observation of light propagation in volume scatterers with 1011-fold slow motion. Opt. Lett. 21, 1087–1089 (1996).〕〔Kubota, T., Komai, K., Yamagiwa, M. & Awatsuji, Y. Moving picture recording and observation of three-dimensional image of femtosecond light pulse propagation. Opt. Express 15, 14348–14354 (2007).〕 Light can also be captured in motion in a scattering medium using a streak camera that has picosecond temporal resolution, thus removing the need for interferometry and coherent illumination but requires additional hardware to raster scan the two-dimensional (2D) scene, which increases the acquisition time to hours.〔Velten, A. et al. Femto-photography: capturing and visualizing the propagation of light. ACM Trans. Graph 32, 44:1–44:8 (2013).〕〔Velten, A., Lawson, E., Bardagjy, A., Bawendi, M. & Raskar, R. Slow art with a trillion frames per second camera. Proc. SIGGRAPH 44 (2011).〕 A few other techniques possess the temporal resolution to observe light in motion as it illuminates a scene, such as photonic mixer devices based on modulated illumination, albeit with a temporal resolution limited to a few nanoseconds.〔Heide, F., Hullin, M. B., Gregson, J. & Heidrich, W. Low-budget transient imaging using photonic mixer devices. ACM Trans. Graph 32, 45:1–45:10 (2013).〕 Alternatively, time-encoded amplified imaging can record images at the repetition rate of a laser by exploiting wavelength-encoded illumination of a scene and amplified detection through a dispersive fibre, albeit with 160 ns temporal and spatial resolution.〔Goda, K., Tsia, K. & Jalali, B. Serial time-encoded amplified imaging for real-time observation of fast dynamic phenomena. Nature 458, 1145–1149 (2009).〕 Recent studies based on computer tomography using data from multiple probe pulses enabled reconstruction of picosecond pulse propagation phenomena in condensed media.〔Li, Z., Zgadzaj, R., Wang, X., Chang, Y.-Y. & Downer, M. C. Single-shot tomographic movies of evolving light-velocity objects. Nat. Commun. 5, 3085 (2014).〕 In 2015 a method to visualize events evolving on picosecond time scales based on single-photon detector arrays has been demonstrated.〔G. Gariepy et al., Single-photon sensitive light-in-fight imaging. Nature Communications 6, 6021 (2015).〕
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